647. Abdallah advances, at the head of the Saracens, from Egypt to Roman
Africa.
648. Constans II issues his _Type_, or model of faith.
649. Constans II orders the new exarch Olympius to enforce the adoption
of his _Type_ by the Western Church; it is rejected by the First Lateran
Council.
650. The Moslems conquer Merv, Balkh, and Herat.[80]
Many orthodox churches are plundered by Constans II.
651. Death of Yezdejerd and end of the Persian kingdom.
652. Conversion of the East Saxons in England.
653. Pope Martin I is seized and banished by Constans II.
654. Martin, in Constantinople, is stripped of his pontifical robes and
imprisoned; after long hesitation Eugenius is elected pope in his stead.
656. Assassination of Caliph Othman; Ali succeeds; Moawiyah revolts
against him; he is supported by Ayesha the widow of Mahomet, Amru,
Telhar, and Zobeir. These dissensions suspend the conquests of the
Saracens. Ali is victorious on "the Day of the Camel"; Telhar and Zobeir
are slain; Ayesha is made prisoner and sent to Medina.
657. Kufa is made the seat of government by Caliph Ali.
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